Phonology

Consonants:

/p t k/ [p t k]
/pʼ tʼ kʼ/ [p' t' k']
/b d g/ [b d g]
/t͡s t͡ɬ t͡ʃ/ [c tl č]
/t͡sʼ t͡ɬʼ t͡ʃʼ/ [c' tl' č']
/d͡z d͡ɮ d͡ʒ/ [dz dł dž]
/ɸ θ s ɬ ʃ x ħ h/ [f θ s l š ḫ ḥ h]
/β ð z ɮ ʒ ɣ ʕ/ [v ð ł ž x ẋ]
/m n/ [m n]
/ɾ/ [r]
/j w/ [j w]

Vowels:

/i u/ [i u]
/e o/ [e o]
/a/ [a]

/iː uː/ [ī ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/aː/ [ā]

Phonotactics:

CVC

Accent:

Stress accent on last syllable.

Nouns

Morphemes:

[Root + Root's extension(s) + Number + Case]

Number:

Singular: - mīn 'man'
Dual: -r-/-er- mīner 'two men'
Plural: -i-/-j- mīni 'men'

Case:

Absolutive - mīn 'man'
Ergative -ak/-k mīnak 'man'
Genitive -as mīnas 'of man'
Dative -in mīnin 'for/to man'
Ablative -at mīnat 'from man'
Instrumental -ahi mīnahi 'with man'
Adverbial -u mino 'in mannish method'
Locative -i mīni 'in/on man'
Essive -um mīnum 'as man'
Equative -eḫ mīneḫ 'like man'

Verbs

Morphemes:

[Root + Root's extension(s) + Transitivity + Aspect + Tense + Mood + Person]

Transitivity:

Intransitivity -eš- hekeš- 'to eat'
Transitivity - hek- 'to eat'
Causative -ad hekad- 'to eat'

Aspect:

Imperfective: - tolk'- 'to speak'
Perfective: -ja- tolk'eja- 'to speak'
Perfect: -so- tolk'eso- 'to speak'

Tense:

Past -wo- tolk'ewo- 'to speak'
Present - tolk'- 'to speak'
Future -ła- tolk'eła- 'to speak'

Mood:

Indicative: - tolk'- 'to speak'
Conditional: -bū- tolk'ebū- 'would to pseak'
Imperative: -ī tolk'ī 'speak!'

Person:

   Singular / Dual / Plural
1. -an/-n tolk'an 'I am speaking' / -ener tolk'ener 'We both are speaking' / -enej tolk'enej 'We are speaking'
2. -eth tolk'eth 'thou art speaking' / -ether tolk'ether 'you both are speaking' / -ethi tolk'ethi 'you are speaking'
3. -eḫ tolk'eḫ 'he/she/it is speaking' / -eḫer tolk'eḫer 'they both are speaking' / -eḫi tolk'eḫi 'they are speaking'

Negation:

ve tolk'an 'I am not speaking'

Participle:

Adjectival: -fi tolk'efi 'speaking'
Adverbial: -fo tolk'efo 'speaking'

Gerund and Infinitive:

Gerund: -mi tolk'emi 'speaking'
Infinitive: -ri tolk'eri 'to speak'

Adjectives

Degrees of comparison:

Positive - θādi 'good'
Comparative -ant'-i θādant'i 'better'
Superlative -tār- θādtāri 'best

Adverbs

Degrees of comparison:

Positive - θādo 'well'
Comparative -ant'- θādant'o 'better'
Superlative -tām- θādtāmo 'best'

Numerals

Cardinal:

1. ẋoni
2. rūθa
3. ḥodeš
4. henθer
5. čakaj
6. ḫažer
7. ḫałat
8. kotta
9. makkuš
10. madar
11. madar ẋoni
20. rūθamadar
21. rūθamadar ẋoni
100. t'opran
1.000. tūzlan

Ordinal -č- ẋoniči
Multiplicative -mēs- ẋonimēsi
Reproductive -kūd- ẋonikūdi
Distributive -nīg- ẋoninīgi
Fractional -mīk- ẋonimīki

Pronouns

Personal pronouns:

   Singular / Dual / Plural
1. anā 'I' / nār 'We both' / nāk 'We'
2. θū 'thou' / θūr 'you both' / θūk / 'you'
3. ehe 'he/she/it' / eher 'they both' / ehek 'they'

Possessive pronouns:

Singular / Dual / Plural

1. nāvi 'my' / nārvi 'two of us' / nākvi 'our'
2. θūvi 'thy' / θūrvi 'two of you' / θūkvi 'your'
3. ehevi 'his/her/its' / ehervi 'two of their' / ehekvi 'their'

Demonstrative pronouns:

Proper aḥi 'this'
Distant siḥi 'that'
More distant tahi 'over that'

Prepositions

Locational:

ḫi 'in'
aḫi 'on'
ḫuhe 'above'
hut'i 'under'
pert'i 'beside'
ẋet'i 'away'
bēt'i 'between'
k'aḥi 'behind'
ḥit'i 'out'
ḫiverek' 'around'
tereḥ 'before'
ḫitēm 'during'
ta 'after'
duḫt'i 'through'

Other:

ḥan 'without'
wan 'with'
ḫimtat 'instead'
ḫitreḥ 'against'
met'i 'despite, though'
ḫidłon 'along, according to'
ti 'as'
kih 'like'
at 'from'
ta 'to'

Particles

Conjunctions:

Paratactical conjunctions:

he 'and'
heta 'also'
ḫir 'or'
ḫit'e 'but'
šuh 'so'
nok 'than'

Hypotactical conjunctions:

nat'i 'to, for'
žarhe 'although'
bet' 'because'
heke 'if'
hak'i 'that, providing'

Modifiers:

ẋono 'only'
ẋone 'yet'

Polarity particles:

ẋa 'yes'
me 'no'

Syntax

Word order:

SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)

Describing word - Described word

Copular verb:

fes- 'to be'

Word Formation

Nominalizers:

Agentive / Related person -te tolk'- 'to speak' → tolk'ete 'speaker' / vango 'cow' → vangote 'cowman'
Place -eme tolk'- 'to speak' → tolk'eme 'rostrum'
Diminutive -il suen 'son' → suenil 'little son'
Augmentative -dav θōb 'mountain' → θōbdav 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -ak baroš 'brother' → barošak 'brotherhood'
Instrument -k'er k'ubda- 'to destroy' → k'ubdak'er 'instrument for destroying'

Adjectivizers:

Possessive / Affiliative -eḥ-ar porda 'horse' → pordeḥar 'equine'
Originative -et tiama 'sky' → tiamet 'celestial'
Similaritive -aḫab ḫart'a 'cat' → ḫart'aḫab 'felid'
Feature -ak vehle 'hair' → vehlak 'hairy'
Privative me-.-ak tōθ 'tooth' → metōθak 'toothless'