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Phonology
Consonants:
p t k [p t k]
b d g [b d g]
f s ʃ h [f s sh h]
v z ʒ [v z zh]
m n [m n]
r l [r l]
j [j]
Vowels:
i ʉ u [i y û]
e ɵ o [ê u ô]
ɛ ɞ ɔ [e â o]
ä [a]
Nouns
Singular Masculine -a -e -o kujna 'wolf' bine 'man' shavgo 'dog'
Plural Masculine -at -et -ot kujnat 'wolfs' binet 'men' shavgot 'dogs'
Singular Feminine -i -y -û vâzdi 'star' gyny 'woman' bahû 'cow'
Plural Feminine -in -yn -ûn vâzdin 'stars' gynyn 'women' bahûn 'cows'
Singular Neuter -an -en -on sâvjan 'word' jogen 'child' kason 'basket'
Plural Neuter -â -ê -ô sâvjâ 'words' jogê 'children' kasô 'baskets'
Nominative - bine 'man' binet 'men' vâzdi 'star' vâzdin 'stars' sâvjan 'word' sâvjâ 'words'
Accusative -n binen 'man' binent 'men' vâzdin 'star' vâzdinn 'stars' sâvjann 'word' sâvjân 'words'
Genitive -s bines 'of man' binest 'of men' 'vâzdis 'of star' vâzdins 'of stars' 'sâvjans 'of word' sâvjâs 'of words'
Instrumental -vâ binevâ 'with man' binevât 'with men' vâzdivâ 'with star' vâzdivân 'with stars' sâvjanvâ 'with word' sâvjâvâ 'with words'
Allative -to bineto 'to man' binetot 'to men' vâzdito 'to star' vâzditon 'to stars' sâvjanto 'to word' sâvjâto 'to words'
Ablative -de binede 'from man' binedet 'from men' vâzdide 'from star' vâzdiden 'from stars' sâvjande 'from word' sâvjâde 'from words'
Locative -shi bineshi 'in man' bineshit 'in men' vâzdishi 'in star' vâzdishin 'in stars' sâvjanshi 'in word' sâvjâshi 'in words'
Benefactive -la binela 'for man' binelat 'for men' vâzdila 'for star' vâzdilan 'for stars' sâvjanla 'for word' sâvjâla 'for words'
Indefinite -ne -ene binene 'a man' binetne 'a men' vâzdine 'a star' vâzdinne 'a stars' sâvjanne 'a word' sâvjâne 'a words'
Definite proper -se -ese binese 'the man' binetse 'the men' vâzdise 'the star' vâzdinse 'the stars' sâvjanse 'the word' sâvjâse 'the words'
Definite distant -te -ete binete 'that man' binette 'that men' vâzdite 'that star' vâzdinte 'that stars' sâvjante 'that word' sâvjâte 'that words'
Collective suffix - -ûm binetûm 'humankind'
vâzdinûm 'cosmos, space'
Verbs
Active - zhâv- 'to speak'
Causative -ra- zhârav- 'cause to speak'
Passive -mi- zhâmiv- 'to be spoken'
Passive-Causative -ne- zhânev- 'cause to be spoken'
Imperfective - zhâv- 'to speak'
Iterative -yâ- zhâvyâ- 'to speak many times'
Perfective -kê- zhâvkê- 'to speak (action is performed)'
Non-Past - zhâv- 'to speak'
Past -l- / -le- zhâvl- 'to speak (in past)'
1. -an zhâvin 'I am speaking' -ame zhâvime 'We are speaking'
2. -is zhâvis 'Thou art speaking' -ihe zhâvihe 'You are speaking'
3. -y zhâvy 'He/She/It is speaking' -yj zhâvyj 'They are speaking'
Conditional -dy- zhâvdyn 'I would be speaking'
Potentional -bi- zhâvbin 'I may be speaking'
Eventive -mi- zhâvmin 'I could be speaking'
Imperative -ô zhâvô 'speak!'
Towards to- tozhâv- 'to scoff'
Away from de- dezhâv- 'to refuse, to deny'
Inside en- enzhâv- 'to persuade, to make believe'
Outside zo- zozhâv- 'to pronounce, to enounce'
Negation - nê- nêzhâvin 'I don't be speaking'
Adjectival participle -r- zhâvr- / 'speaking'
Adverbial participle -re zhâvre 'speaking'
Gerund -anen zhâvanen 'speaking (as an action)'
Infinitive -êt zhâvêt 'to speak'
Adjectives
Masculine Feminine
Positive - vesh- 'good'
Comparative - -tr- veshtr- 'better'
Superlative - -tud- veshtud- 'best'
Adverbs
Positive - veshe 'good'
Comparative -tre veshtre 'better'
Superlative -tude veshtude 'best'
Numerals
Cardinal:
1. ajsh-
2. zâv-
3. taresh-
4. tvatar-
5. svarm-
6. hsen-
7. tepesh-
8. hast-
9. ojzh-
10. totym-
11. ajshhêshkashj-
20. zâvtotynt-
21. zâvtotynt ajsh-
100. hêshka
1.000. zôhta
Ordinal -t- ajsht-
Multiplicative -kort- ajshakort-
Reproductive -têsh- ajshatêsh-
Distributive -put- ajshaput-
Fractional -nun- ajshanun-
Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
1. ma 'I' mê 'We'
2. sû 'thou' vi 'you'
3. er 'he/she/it' ere 'they'
Possessive pronouns:
Masculine Feminine
1. maj- 'my' mês- 'our'
2. sûj- 'thy' vis- 'your'
3. erj-.-s 'his/her/its' eres 'their'
Prepositions
Locational:
en 'in'
an 'on'
ande 'above'
ende 'under'
per 'beside'
fal 'away'
enzâv 'between'
go 'behind'
zo 'out'
enkelon 'around'
prede 'before'
entaman 'during'
zân 'after'
Other:
nis 'without'
aner 'instead'
prene 'against'
hâsi 'despite, though'
endolge 'along, according to'
tan 'for'
Particles
Conjunctions:
Paratactical conjunctions:
ê 'and'
kin 'also'
ve 'or'
lâ 'but'
hash 'so'
ni 'than'
Hypotactical conjunctions:
ke 'to, for'
anah 'although'
da 'because'
ele 'if'
fase 'that, providing'
Modifiers:
ajshe 'only'
toje 'yet'
Polarity particles:
ta 'yes'
nê 'no'
Syntax
Word order:
SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)
Describing word - Described word
Copular verb:
esh- 'to be'
Word formation
Derivation:
Agentive / Related person -es- zhâv- 'to speak' → zhâves- 'speaker' bahû 'cow' → bahes- 'cowman'
Place -âyon zhâv- 'to speak' → zhâvâyon 'rostrum'
Diminutive -il- sûne 'son' → sûnile 'little son'
Augmentative -ôg- bôron 'mountain' → bôrôgon 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -anten hage 'brother' → haganten 'brotherhood'
Instrument -akan ktestêt 'to destroy' → ktestakan 'instrument for destroying'
Instance -[gender ending] zhâv- 'to speak → zhâvi 'speech'
Possessive / Affiliative -ish- ekva 'horse' → ekvish- 'equine'
Originative -em- dange 'sky' → dangem- 'celestial'
Similaritive -arf- kata 'cat' → katarf- 'felid'
Feature -êy- pilen 'hair' → pilêy- 'hairy'
Privative ne-.-êy- tuden 'tooth' → netudêy- 'toothless'
Lexicon
kujna 'wolf'
bine 'man'
shavgo 'dog'
vâzdi 'star'
gyny 'woman'
bahû 'cow'
sâvjan 'word'
jogen 'child'
kason 'basket'
binetûm 'humankind'
vâzdinûm 'cosmos, space'
zhâvêt 'to speak
tozhâvêt 'to scoff'
dezhâvêt 'to refuse, to deny'
enzhâvêt 'to persuade, to make believe'
zozhâvêt 'to pronounce, to enounce'
vesh- 'good'
zhâves- 'speaker'
bahes- 'cowman'
zhâvâyon 'rostrum'
sûne 'son'
sûnile 'little son'
bôron 'mountain'
bôrôgon 'grand mountain'
hage 'brother'
haganten 'brotherhood'
ktestêt 'to destroy'
ktestakan 'instrument for destroying'
zhâvi 'speech'
ekva 'horse'
dange 'sky'
kata 'cat'
pilen 'hair'
tuden 'tooth'
harj- 'high'
tunglan 'language, tongue'
Consonants:
p t k [p t k]
b d g [b d g]
f s ʃ h [f s sh h]
v z ʒ [v z zh]
m n [m n]
r l [r l]
j [j]
Vowels:
i ʉ u [i y û]
e ɵ o [ê u ô]
ɛ ɞ ɔ [e â o]
ä [a]
Nouns
Singular Masculine -a -e -o kujna 'wolf' bine 'man' shavgo 'dog'
Plural Masculine -at -et -ot kujnat 'wolfs' binet 'men' shavgot 'dogs'
Singular Feminine -i -y -û vâzdi 'star' gyny 'woman' bahû 'cow'
Plural Feminine -in -yn -ûn vâzdin 'stars' gynyn 'women' bahûn 'cows'
Singular Neuter -an -en -on sâvjan 'word' jogen 'child' kason 'basket'
Plural Neuter -â -ê -ô sâvjâ 'words' jogê 'children' kasô 'baskets'
Nominative - bine 'man' binet 'men' vâzdi 'star' vâzdin 'stars' sâvjan 'word' sâvjâ 'words'
Accusative -n binen 'man' binent 'men' vâzdin 'star' vâzdinn 'stars' sâvjann 'word' sâvjân 'words'
Genitive -s bines 'of man' binest 'of men' 'vâzdis 'of star' vâzdins 'of stars' 'sâvjans 'of word' sâvjâs 'of words'
Instrumental -vâ binevâ 'with man' binevât 'with men' vâzdivâ 'with star' vâzdivân 'with stars' sâvjanvâ 'with word' sâvjâvâ 'with words'
Allative -to bineto 'to man' binetot 'to men' vâzdito 'to star' vâzditon 'to stars' sâvjanto 'to word' sâvjâto 'to words'
Ablative -de binede 'from man' binedet 'from men' vâzdide 'from star' vâzdiden 'from stars' sâvjande 'from word' sâvjâde 'from words'
Locative -shi bineshi 'in man' bineshit 'in men' vâzdishi 'in star' vâzdishin 'in stars' sâvjanshi 'in word' sâvjâshi 'in words'
Benefactive -la binela 'for man' binelat 'for men' vâzdila 'for star' vâzdilan 'for stars' sâvjanla 'for word' sâvjâla 'for words'
Indefinite -ne -ene binene 'a man' binetne 'a men' vâzdine 'a star' vâzdinne 'a stars' sâvjanne 'a word' sâvjâne 'a words'
Definite proper -se -ese binese 'the man' binetse 'the men' vâzdise 'the star' vâzdinse 'the stars' sâvjanse 'the word' sâvjâse 'the words'
Definite distant -te -ete binete 'that man' binette 'that men' vâzdite 'that star' vâzdinte 'that stars' sâvjante 'that word' sâvjâte 'that words'
Collective suffix - -ûm binetûm 'humankind'
vâzdinûm 'cosmos, space'
Verbs
Active - zhâv- 'to speak'
Causative -ra- zhârav- 'cause to speak'
Passive -mi- zhâmiv- 'to be spoken'
Passive-Causative -ne- zhânev- 'cause to be spoken'
Imperfective - zhâv- 'to speak'
Iterative -yâ- zhâvyâ- 'to speak many times'
Perfective -kê- zhâvkê- 'to speak (action is performed)'
Non-Past - zhâv- 'to speak'
Past -l- / -le- zhâvl- 'to speak (in past)'
1. -an zhâvin 'I am speaking' -ame zhâvime 'We are speaking'
2. -is zhâvis 'Thou art speaking' -ihe zhâvihe 'You are speaking'
3. -y zhâvy 'He/She/It is speaking' -yj zhâvyj 'They are speaking'
Conditional -dy- zhâvdyn 'I would be speaking'
Potentional -bi- zhâvbin 'I may be speaking'
Eventive -mi- zhâvmin 'I could be speaking'
Imperative -ô zhâvô 'speak!'
Towards to- tozhâv- 'to scoff'
Away from de- dezhâv- 'to refuse, to deny'
Inside en- enzhâv- 'to persuade, to make believe'
Outside zo- zozhâv- 'to pronounce, to enounce'
Negation - nê- nêzhâvin 'I don't be speaking'
Adjectival participle -r- zhâvr- / 'speaking'
Adverbial participle -re zhâvre 'speaking'
Gerund -anen zhâvanen 'speaking (as an action)'
Infinitive -êt zhâvêt 'to speak'
Adjectives
Masculine Feminine
Positive - vesh- 'good'
Comparative - -tr- veshtr- 'better'
Superlative - -tud- veshtud- 'best'
Adverbs
Positive - veshe 'good'
Comparative -tre veshtre 'better'
Superlative -tude veshtude 'best'
Numerals
Cardinal:
1. ajsh-
2. zâv-
3. taresh-
4. tvatar-
5. svarm-
6. hsen-
7. tepesh-
8. hast-
9. ojzh-
10. totym-
11. ajshhêshkashj-
20. zâvtotynt-
21. zâvtotynt ajsh-
100. hêshka
1.000. zôhta
Ordinal -t- ajsht-
Multiplicative -kort- ajshakort-
Reproductive -têsh- ajshatêsh-
Distributive -put- ajshaput-
Fractional -nun- ajshanun-
Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
1. ma 'I' mê 'We'
2. sû 'thou' vi 'you'
3. er 'he/she/it' ere 'they'
Possessive pronouns:
Masculine Feminine
1. maj- 'my' mês- 'our'
2. sûj- 'thy' vis- 'your'
3. erj-.-s 'his/her/its' eres 'their'
Prepositions
Locational:
en 'in'
an 'on'
ande 'above'
ende 'under'
per 'beside'
fal 'away'
enzâv 'between'
go 'behind'
zo 'out'
enkelon 'around'
prede 'before'
entaman 'during'
zân 'after'
Other:
nis 'without'
aner 'instead'
prene 'against'
hâsi 'despite, though'
endolge 'along, according to'
tan 'for'
Particles
Conjunctions:
Paratactical conjunctions:
ê 'and'
kin 'also'
ve 'or'
lâ 'but'
hash 'so'
ni 'than'
Hypotactical conjunctions:
ke 'to, for'
anah 'although'
da 'because'
ele 'if'
fase 'that, providing'
Modifiers:
ajshe 'only'
toje 'yet'
Polarity particles:
ta 'yes'
nê 'no'
Syntax
Word order:
SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)
Describing word - Described word
Copular verb:
esh- 'to be'
Word formation
Derivation:
Agentive / Related person -es- zhâv- 'to speak' → zhâves- 'speaker' bahû 'cow' → bahes- 'cowman'
Place -âyon zhâv- 'to speak' → zhâvâyon 'rostrum'
Diminutive -il- sûne 'son' → sûnile 'little son'
Augmentative -ôg- bôron 'mountain' → bôrôgon 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -anten hage 'brother' → haganten 'brotherhood'
Instrument -akan ktestêt 'to destroy' → ktestakan 'instrument for destroying'
Instance -[gender ending] zhâv- 'to speak → zhâvi 'speech'
Possessive / Affiliative -ish- ekva 'horse' → ekvish- 'equine'
Originative -em- dange 'sky' → dangem- 'celestial'
Similaritive -arf- kata 'cat' → katarf- 'felid'
Feature -êy- pilen 'hair' → pilêy- 'hairy'
Privative ne-.-êy- tuden 'tooth' → netudêy- 'toothless'
Lexicon
kujna 'wolf'
bine 'man'
shavgo 'dog'
vâzdi 'star'
gyny 'woman'
bahû 'cow'
sâvjan 'word'
jogen 'child'
kason 'basket'
binetûm 'humankind'
vâzdinûm 'cosmos, space'
zhâvêt 'to speak
tozhâvêt 'to scoff'
dezhâvêt 'to refuse, to deny'
enzhâvêt 'to persuade, to make believe'
zozhâvêt 'to pronounce, to enounce'
vesh- 'good'
zhâves- 'speaker'
bahes- 'cowman'
zhâvâyon 'rostrum'
sûne 'son'
sûnile 'little son'
bôron 'mountain'
bôrôgon 'grand mountain'
hage 'brother'
haganten 'brotherhood'
ktestêt 'to destroy'
ktestakan 'instrument for destroying'
zhâvi 'speech'
ekva 'horse'
dange 'sky'
kata 'cat'
pilen 'hair'
tuden 'tooth'
harj- 'high'
tunglan 'language, tongue'
Amaggan language - grammar and dictionary
Hi,
Currently, I am working on my new constructed language, called Amaggan. I want to present the grammar and dictionary to those interested.
Grammar
Dictionary
For now, I got 40 pages of lexicon.
Fable "Sheep and horses" as example of a text in the language:
Bashe ò persoi
Bashe ta dumbim, ka ba lòafir, persoir dildata; oro kaddur buzur porlata, nuiko biegir cheggir lielddata, ò sòlaiko mònur pesha bulzata. Bashe kè persoir kiellata: "Bòlbe mèhe beh didaka kòr mòno bòz das kè persoir." Persoi kiellata: "A iush cherah, bashe, bòlbei ònsi behè, kachai didòm
Collaborative dictionary of Sakartan language
Sakartá language it is to be a collaborative effort of some conlangers, who want to participate in this project. Give me in comments some propositions of words, if you are interested in creation of the language. All of the result are publicated in this stylesheet. All informations about this language you have on its charts.
I am inviting all conlangers, who want help me. You are welcome !
Best regards to all.
Artaxes2
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Comments5
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Excellent! This is a very good start, friend!